History of Electronics

In this 21st century we are dealing every day with electronic circuits devices, home appliances, computers, transportation systems, cell phones, cameras, TV etc. electronic parts and devices. Today's electronics world has made profound advances in various fields such as healthcare, medical diagnostics, automobiles, industries. Electronic projects like these have convinced everyone that it is truly impossible to work without electronics. Therefore, looking forward to knowing its background and brief history of electronics is necessary to stimulate our minds and be inspired by people who sacrificed their lives by making incredible discoveries and inventions that cost them everything but nothing for them. It has benefited us, and in turn, a lot since then.

 

Brief History of Electronics and Its Development

 

The real history of electronics, J.A. with the invention of the vacuum diode. Fleming, in 1897; and then a vacuum triode was applied by Lee De Forest to amplify the electrical signals. This led to the introduction of the pentodes and tetrodetubes that dominated the world until the Second World War.

 

Brief History of Electronics

 

Then, with the invention of the junction transistor in 1948, the transistor era began. Although this particular invention received a Nobel Prize, it was later replaced by a bulky vacuum tube that would consume high power for its operation. The use of germanium and silicon semiconductor materials has allowed these transistors to gain popularity and wide acceptance in different electronic circuits.

 

Integrated Circuits (ICs)

 

The following years saw the invention of integrated circuits (ICs), which drastically changed the nature of electronic circuits by integrating the entire electronic circuit on a single chip, resulting in electronic devices of low cost, size, and weight. The years 1958 to 1975 marked the introduction of the IC with expanded capabilities of more than a few thousand components on a single chip, such as small-scale integration, medium-large, and very large-scale integration ICs.

 

The trend was pushed further with JFETS and MOSFETs developed from 1951 to 1958 by improving the device design process and making more reliable and powerful transistors.

 

Digital integrated circuits were another solid IC development that changed the overall architecture of computers. These ICs are developed with Transistor-transistor logic (TTL), integrated injection logic (I2L), and emitter-coupled logic (ECL) technologies. Later, these digital ICs started to use PMOS, CMOS and NMOS manufacturing design technologies.

 

All these radical changes in all these components led to the introduction of microprocessors by Intel in 1969. Shortly after, analog integrated circuits were developed, introducing an operational amplifier for analog signal processing. These analog circuits generally consist of analog multipliers, ADC and DAC converters, and analog filters.

 

This is all about the basic understanding of electronics history. This history of electronic technology costs more investment of time, effort and talent than real heroes, some of which are described below.

 

 Inventors in History of Electronics

 

Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)

Luigi Galvani was a very successful professor at the University of Bologna. was an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher, who studied animal electricity, especially frogs. With the help of experiments, he demonstrated the existence of electricity in frogs in 1791.

 

Charles Coulomb (1737-1806)

Charles Coulomb French physicist best known scientist of the 18 th century. He experimented with mechanical resistance and in 1799 developed Coulomb's law of electrostatic charges.

 

Allesandro Volta (1745-1827)

Allesandro Volta was an Italian scientist. He invented the battery in 1799. He was the first to develop the battery (Voltaic cell) that can produce electricity as a result of a chemical reaction.

 

Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1852)

Hans Christian Oersted showed that when a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is associated with it. He began the study of electromagnetism and discovered Aluminum in 1820.

 

George Simon Ohm (1789-1854)

George Simon Ohm was a German physicist. He experimented with electrical circuits and did his part, including wiring. He found that some conductors worked compared to others. In 1827 he discovered Ohm's law, the relationship between current, voltage and resistance. The resistance unit is named after him.

 

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

Michael Faraday was a British scientist and great pioneering experimenter in electricity and magnetism. He demonstrated electromagnetic induction in 1831 after Oersted's discovery. This is the basic principle of operation of generators.

 

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872)

Samuel Finley Breese Morse foreshadowed a telegraph system with electromagnets and invented the code in 1844, named after him.

In 1837, an expansion of an electric telegraph system uses a deflecting magnetic needle developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir W. F. Cooke, which fixed the primary railway telegraph in England. To make the telegraph a viable system for communication, Morse overcame the design flaws of both electrical and information flow boundaries to allow the telegraph to evolve into a viable system for communication.

 

Joseph Henry (1799-1878)

Joseph Henry was an American scientist and independently discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831, a year before Faraday's discovery. The induction unit was named after him.

 

Heinrich F.E. Lenz (1804-1865)

Henry F.E. Lenz was born in Tartu, the former University City of Estonia. Petersburg University as a professor. He conducted several experiments under the leadership of Faraday.

 It is honored by the name law and states that the electrodynamic motion of the induced current equally resists the mechanical inducing action. Later, it was defined as an expression for energy conservation.

Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a universal scientist, but also a researcher. He is one of the most influential famous scientists of the 19th century. In 1870, after examining all common theories of electrodynamics, he gave support to Maxwell's theory, which was little known on the European continent.

 

Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914)

It was invented as an electric lamp in 1879 by Joseph Wilson Swan, England. The lamp's filament is carbon and has a fractional vacuum, showing the previous Edison's display in six months.

 

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

James Clerk Maxwell was an English physicist and wrote a treatise on magnetism and electricity in 1873. He developed the electromagnetic field equations in 1864 which equations here were explained and estimated by the work of hertz and the work of faraday. James Clerk Maxwell formulated an important theory - namely the electromagnetic theory of light.

 

Sir William Crookes (1832-1919)

Electrical discharges were developed using highly discharged “Crookes tubes” in 1878 by Sir William Crookes. These studies formed the basis of J. J. Thomson's research on the electron and discharge tube phenomenon in 1890. Sir William also invented the element Thallium to complement the radiometer.

 

Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925)

Oliver Heaviside worked with Maxwell's equations to reduce the fatigue that goes into solving them. In procedure, he created a form of vector analysis known as "Computational Calculus", which changes the differential (d/dt) through the algebraic variable (p) to modify differential equations for algebraic equations. So this will greatly increase the resolution speed.

 

Oliver also invented the ionized air layer and named it after him, inductance can be incorporated in transmission lines to increase the transmission distance and these charges will grow in mass when accelerated.

 

Henrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894)

Henrich Rudolph Hertz was a German physicist born in Hamburg in 1857 who showed the electromagnetic radiation predicted by Maxwell.

Using experimental procedures, he proved his theory with engineering instruments for transmitting and receiving radio pulses.

Photoelectric effect, which is the appearance of electrons or other free carriers when light illuminates a substance, was first discovered by him. The frequency unit was named Hertz in his honors.

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz was the first scientist to demonstrate the existence of radio waves. His motivation came from Helmholtz & Maxwell, which excited him.

In 1887, he demonstrated the speed of radio waves, also known as Hertz waves, equivalent to light. The unit of frequency, like the hertz, is named after him.

Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923)

Charles Proteus Steinmetz discovered the mathematics of hysteresis loss, so it allowed engineers to reduce the magnetic loss in transformers. Charles also applied the mathematics of compound numbers to AC analysis and therefore placed electrical systems engineering design on a scientific basis rather than a black art.

Along with Nikola Tesla, he is responsible for generating power from Edison's inefficient DC system to the sleeker AC system.

 

Ben Franklin (1746-52)

Ben Franklin invented different electrostatic generators with rotating glass balls for the experiment. Using this experiment, he invented the theory of electricity for a single liquid.

 

Earlier theories used two electric fluids and two magnetic fluids. So he imagined a single immeasurable electricity in the universe. The inequality in electric charges is clarified by the excess (+) of the single electric fluid, otherwise its defect (-). Positive and negative symbols appear in the Electrical Circuit.

 

Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836)

Andre Marie Ampere was a French who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism. He studied the effects of electric current and invented the solenoid. Also the SI unit of electric current (Ampere) is named after him.

 

Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

Karl Friedrich Gauss was a physical scientist. He was also one of the most successful German mathematicians. He contributed to many fields such as algebra, analysis, statistics, electrostatics and astronomy. The CGS unit of magnetic field intensity is named after him.

 

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891)

Wilhelm Eduard Weber was a German physicist. His friend Carl discovered terrestrial magnetism with fried riches. He designed an electromagnetic telegraph in 1833. He established a system of absolute electrical units. The MKS flux unit was named Weber.

 

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1932)

Thomas Alva Edison is a businessman and an American inventor. He developed practical light bulbs, motion picture cameras, photographs, and many other devices. He observed the Edison effect while inventing the electric lamp.

 

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil; Tesla induction motor; alternating current (AC); electrical supply system including a transformer; 3 phase electric and motor. The Tesla coil was invented in 1891. It was used in electronic devices, as well as in radio and television sets. The unit of magnetic field strength was named after him.

 

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887)

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was a German physicist. He developed Kirchhoff's law, which allows the calculation of voltage, current and resistance of electrical networks.

 

James Prescott Joule (1818-1889)

James Prescott Joule was a brewer and British physicistHe discovered the law of Conservation of Energy, which would prioritize very important work. The energy unit - Joule was chosen. He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the temperature scale.

 

Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945)

Sir John Ambrose Fleming invented the first diode tube in 1905. This device includes three ends where the two ends are the heater and the cathode and the remainder is the plate.

 

Lee De Forest (1873-1961)

Lee de Forest is an American inventor and invented the first triple vacuum tube: the Audion tube in 1906. He is honored by the authorities as the father of radio.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

In 1905, Einstein became involved in Max Planck's experimental results and realized that electromagnetic energy is produced from objects radiating in different amounts.

The power of these emitted quantities is known as light-quanta and is directly proportional to the radiation frequency. Here this frequency was different from the standard electromagnetic theory due to Maxwell's equations and the laws of thermodynamics.

Einstein used Planck's quantum hypothesis to explain observable electromagnetic radiation, otherwise light. Based on Einstein's perspective, the beam can be visualized to contain individual packets of radiation.

Einstein used this analysis to explain the photoelectric effect, in which certain metals produce electrons when illuminated with light of a certain frequency. Einstein's theory was the source of Quantum Mechanics.

 

Walter Schottky (1886-1997)

Walter Schottky was a German physicist. He described shot noise-random electron noise in thermionic tubes and invented the multi-grid vacuum tube.

 

Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890-1954)

Edwin Howard Armstrong is a successful American electrical engineer and inventor. He invented regenerative feedback and electronic oscillator. He invented superheterodyne radio in 1917 and patented FM radio in 1933.

 

Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923-2005)

Jack St. Clair Kilby invented the IC (integrated circuit) miniaturization in Texas devices while researching a phase shift oscillator with independently connected parts. It was copyrighted in 1959.

 

Robert Norton Noyce (1927-1990)

Robert Norton Noyce implemented IC using a practical approach to scaling circuit size. In 1957 he became the organizer of a company such as Fairchild Semiconductor.

In 1959, Noyce and a colleague invented a semiconductor chip design; A similar thought came to my mind separately the same year for “Jack Kilby” from Texas Instruments. Thus, both Noyce and Kilby received patents.

In 1968, Norton and Gordon Moore founded Intel. In 1971, Intel designer Ted Hoff invented the primary microprocessor, the 4004.

 

Seymour Cray (1925-1996)

In 1976, Seymour Cray & George Amdahl, the father of supercomputers, was identified as the supercomputer industry.

 

Ray Prasad (1946-Still Going 2019)

Ray Prasad wrote the Surface Mount Technology Principles and Application Textbook. He has received many awards, including IPC President, Intel Achievement, SMTA Distinction Fellow, and the Dieter W. Bergman IPC Fellowship Medal.

As chief engineer, he introduced SMT to aircraft as well as security systems at Boeing. Managed the SMT global application as a program manager at Intel Organization.

 

From 2000 to 2019, the important inventions in the History of Electronics are listed below.

In 2006, the PS3 Game Console and the old WII were invented.

In 2007, the first iPod and Apple iPhone were invented.

In 2008, the first Android operating system was invented for Smartphones.

In 2008, the Large Hadron Collider was invented, which is expected to shed light on the beginning of the Earth.

In 2010, the Xbox 360 Game Console was invented for game lovers.

In 2011, a renewable energy source or alternative energy source, solar panel revolutions began.

In 2011, the spacecraft that landed on Mars was invented by NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Microscale 3-D Printing was launched in 2014 for design purposes.

In the year 2018, , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe.

In 2019, the Chandrayan-2 spacecraft was launched by India to the Moon.

 

Electronic history is a very large field and has no potential to provide complete knowledge of systematic history within a limited range. Anyway, the concept of electronics started as philosophy, then physics, then electrical engineering and now this concept has been accepted.

The birth of modern electronics begins with a vacuum diode. The 20th century has changed thanks to electronics, because all systems used today are electronic-based. Due to the growth in electronics, the future of electronics looks extremely good. Approaching fields such as bioinformatics and quantum communication are the leading areas of electronics.